In both cases (commercial and non-commercial), it is important that standard protocols are put in place for evaluation, as well as methods to validate the system. Non-commercial systems may also be good choices when the user needs to adapt the device to specific experimental conditions. The take-home message of the present article is that there are several commercial and useful CASA systems, and all are appropriate for routine analysis. We review the effects of the different factors in each category on the measurements made and emphasise the need to take measures to standardise evaluations. light source and microscope stage) (3) hardware and software, including the settings of each system and (4) user-related factors. Other systems are based on signal processing. New techniques known as computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) are based on image analysis. Later, the Makler counting chamber was specifically designed to perform sperm counts and motility analysis. preincubation time, type of specimen and type of chamber slide) (2) microscope (e.g. Historically, sperm counts were performed manually using an improved Neubauer hemocytometer. This paper classifies these factors into four categories: (1) sample and slide (e.g. Although CASA provides a more objective way to evaluate sperm parameters, a significant number of factors can affect these measurements. Computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) is now routinely used in IVF clinics, animal breeding centres and research laboratories.
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